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Items under glass.
1. Scandinavian swords 9th-10th century.
2. Piece of the cuirassier's sword, 17th century.
3. Detail of the swords hilt. 17th century.
5. Spearheads, 15th-16th century.
6. Arrowheads of the arbalest 15th-16th century.
7. Arrowheads.
9. Detail of the gun's barrel.
10. Lock.
11. Key.
12. Decorative nail of the gate 16th-17th century.
13. Detail of the gun's lock.
14. Stirrup 16th century.

CRUSADES

- Pope Gregory VII was troubled by the fact, that Christian periphery is fallen to Islamic sphere of influence. 1074 he preached to European Christians to join forces against Muslims, who were repressing their "brothers and sisters" in the East, Jerusalem and other holy places. Nevertheless his appeal didn't have any real effect on people.
- Gregory's successor Pope Urban II again preached the crusade in 1095; it affected people more and joined them in action against "misbelievers".
- Popes preaches about the crusades were rather oriented to politics, than to religion. The crusades were a good opportunity to force European rulers to do what the West-Church wanted. Religion was used as a tool by politics. But there were people, who raised faith above politics.
- The crusaders major force was formed by knights. Mostly they were poorer nobles, who didn't even have enough money for such undertakings, but they had faith.
- After a while, during the crusades, new reasons arose with political and religious backgrounds.

FIRST CRUSADE (1096-1099)
After Byzantine emperor Alexius I calledfor help with defending his empire against Seljuk Turks, in 1095 Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to join a war against the Turks. Crusader armies marched to Jerusalem, sacking several cities on their way. In 1099, they took Jerusalem. As a result of the First Crusade, several small Crusader states were created, notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1070 Order of Knights of hte Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, 1118 Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon and 1128 Teutonic Order were founded for the protection of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
SECOND CRUSADE (1147-1148)
French abbot Bernard of Clairvax called for a new crusade when the town of Edessa was conquered by the Turks. French king Louis VII and German emperor Conrad III marched to Asia in 1147, but failed to accomplish any major successes.
THIRD CRUSADE (1189-1192)
In 1187, Egypt's sultan Salah al Din recaptured Jerusalem. Pope Gregory VIII preached a crusade, which was led by several Europe's most important leaders: Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (drowned in Cilice). They had to reconquer Jerusalem, but Richard I was left by his allies, but nevertheless he was able to recapture Acre from the Muslims. Richard left the following year after establishing a truce with Salah al Din.
FOURTH CRUSADE (1202-1204)
The Fourth Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1202, with the intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt. The Venetians gained control of this crusade and diverted it to Constantinople. The city was sacked in 1204.
CHILDREN'S CRUSADE (1212)
Few thousand children from France and Germany started the jorney to Holy Land. It was believed, that the children are purer than elder people and that God lets them to re-conquer the holy grave. None of the children actually reached the Holy Land, being sold as slaves or dying of hunger during the journey.
FIFTH CRUSADE (1217-1221)
French and German crusaders fought in Egypt, but falled back after first victory because they could not defend what they had conquered.
SIXTH CRUSADE (1228-1229)
This was the first major crusade not initiated by the Papacy. In 1228, Emperor Frederick II set sail from Syria. Thoughtdiplomacy he achieved unexpected success, Jerusalem being delivered to the Crusaders for a period of ten years but was conquered again in 1244.
SEVENTH CRUSADE (1248-1254)
Louis the Saint attempt to conquer Egypt and Tunisia failed and he was captured.
EITHTH CRUSADE (1270)
The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX who died in Tunis. Egyptans conquered most of the Christian strongholds.
NINTH CRUSADE (1271-1291)
Edward I of England undertook another expedition in 1271 to Syria. He accomplished very little and retired the following year after a truce. With the fall of Antioch (1268), Tripoli (1289), and Acre (1291) the last traces of the Christian occupation of Syria disappeared.




Chapel.


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The refectory, on the plan at number 28.



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